Aggregate data indexes of differences in life style between cities and fringes are correlated with fringe electoral support of political integration referenda. Contrary to the hypothesized relationship, life-style distance in the fringes' favor is positively correlated with fringe support. Several explanations are considered, and the one found to fit the data best suggests a desire for public services by residents of high-growth, familistic fringes.
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Brett W. Hawkins (1968) studied this question.