Environmental and Ecological Factors Influencing Japanese Encephalitis Transmission

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is a significant vector-borne zoonotic disease primarily affecting Southeast Asia, with potential for expansion into new regions due to various environmental and ecological factors. This study examines the multifaceted influences on JE transmission, including vector ecology, climate variables, and anthropogenic changes. The primary vectors, predominantly Culex species, play a crucial role in the transmission dynamics, with environmental conditions such as temperature, rainfall, and humidity significantly impacting vector competence and virus dissemination. Additionally, the role of amplifying hosts like pigs and birds, along with the potential for new vector species to emerge in non-endemic regions, underscores the complexity of JE epidemiology. Increased surveillance, vector control, and public health interventions are essential to mitigate the risk of JE outbreaks in both endemic and susceptible regions. This study synthesizes current knowledge and identifies gaps for future research to better understand and control JE transmission.