Combination of micro suction cups and time‐domain reflectometry to measure osmotic potential gradients between bulk soil and rhizosphere at high resolution in time and space

Summary A prerequisite to investigate the importance of osmotic potential (Ψ o ) in relation to matric potential (Ψ m ) in the soil for water uptake is the existence of a method that measures the temporal and spatial dynamics of Ψ o in the vicinity of roots. One method for measuring Ψ o in situ is the collection of soil solution with micro suction cups, the spatial resolution of which is suitable for rhizosphere studies. A major drawback of soil solution sampling is the disturbance of soil solution equilibrium, which makes frequent measurements impossible, so another method is required to provide information on the temporal dynamics of Ψ o . The time‐domain reflectometry (TDR) technique might be suitable as the signal attenuation (σ) shows a close linear correlation with the salt concentration for a known soil water content. The temporal resolution of the TDR technique is high and the measurement has no impact on soil solution equilibrium. However, the spatial resolution of the TDR technique is too coarse to be used on its own in rhizosphere studies. We used a combination of TDR (fine temporal resolution) and micro suction cups (fine spatial resolution) to measure Ψ o in a model system with Zea mays grown in quartz substrates. Osmotic potential changed continuously with time, and a steep gradient between bulk soil and the root compartment developed during the 39‐day growing period. The steepest gradient measured over a distance of 6 mm across the nylon net, separating the bulk soil from the root compartment, was −365 kPa. The combination of both methods made it possible to extend the time interval between micro suction cup samplings and thus minimize the impact of sampling on soil solution equilibrium. Problems of separate calibration were avoided by calibrating the TDR measurements against the results obtained with the micro suction cups within the same experiment.