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Critical review reveals systemic uncertainties in corporate groundwater models, highlighting how Indigenous-led scientific approaches challenge extractive hydrological paradigms.
This article engages with the dynamics of groundwater’s epistemic resistance, its persistent resistance to being a fact, and manifold uncertainties in the human and more-than-human relations of the Salar de Atacama. How might expanded considerations of groundwater’s unruliness better inform knowledge of it and future relations with it? I draw on legal cases that illustrate entrenched problems with mining company and regulatory groundwater science, a set of peer-reviewed published studies that propose ever-better models of subsurface activity that tend to justify ongoing extraction, and the work of Indigenous-led teams of scientists engaging with unruliness and proposing new approaches to political and ecological contestation.
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Sally Babidge (2026) studied this question.
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