Graphene as a Tunable Nonradiative Bath for Moiré Excitons

A minimal theory of nonradiative energy transfer from a two-dimensional (2D) moiré exciton to a nearby graphene layer is presented. From Fermi’s golden rule the transfer rate is the overlap of the exciton near-field spectrum with the dissipative density response of graphene, weighted by an exciton form factor, and it reproduces the established Γ ET ∝ [Formula: see text] −4 law in the point-dipole limit. A finite exciton size filters out the high-momentum near field once the spacer thickness approaches the transition-polarization radius R X , so the distance dependence of the rate — and of the photoluminescence (PL) quenching — probes the exciton size. A low-momentum expansion shows that, relative to the calibrated point-dipole response of the same bath, this leading correction is set by R X alone. In the ideal coherent-envelope limit the accompanying giant oscillator strength makes the rate non-monotonic in the exciton size, with a peak near [Formula: see text]. Treating graphene as a gate-tunable bath, Pauli blocking suppresses the interband channel once 2|μ F | approaches ħω, partially restoring PL, and a full random-phase-approximation benchmark confirms the normalized interband distance dependence to within a few percent away from the threshold. Mapping the PL observables across the transition-metal dichalcogenide/hexagonal boron nitride/graphene parameter space, we find that a graphene gate acts not as a passive electrostatic element but as a tunable 2D electronic reservoir probed through exciton PL quenching.