Comparative legal analysis reveals stricter statutory controls and raw export bans in Vietnam's mineral governance, highlighting a necessary shift toward high-tech supply chain partnerships.
This study compared Law No. 54/2024/QH15 with its amendment: Law No. 147/2025/QH15, enacted within five months of the former's entry into force, to clarify the background and substance of the revision.Law 147/2025/QH15 uses a newly established Chapter VIIa to designate rare earths as "special strategic minerals" rather than "strategic and important minerals".It also prohibits raw rare earth ore exports and introduces a Prime Minister approval-based licensing system.These measures elevate rare earth governance from ministerial circular-level regulation to statutory law and reflect a broader international trend by resource-holding states to tighten control over critical minerals.This study suggests that the statutory export ban and mandatory deep processing requirements constrain raw-material-access-based cooperation and that technology cooperation, domestic value chain participation, and government-to-government (G2G) engagement are emerging as practical prerequisites for effective rare earth supply chain partnerships with Vietnam.
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Park et al. (2026) studied this question.
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