Association between maternal periodontitis and fetal growth restriction among singleton pregnant women at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi – cross-sectional study

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) is a serious concern for newborn health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where the health of mothers often does not receive adequate attention. Recent studies have shown that maternal periodontitis, a common gum disease, can negatively impact pregnancy outcomes and may play a role in the development of FGR. This analytical cross-sectional study examined the relationship between maternal periodontitis and FGR among 136 pregnant women at ≥ 32 weeks of gestation, utilizing clinical dental exams and the Delphi Consensus criteria, with Firth logistic regression used to estimate odds ratios. Results showed that women with periodontitis had 4.12 times higher odds of FGR compared to those without (POR = 4.12; p < 0.05). Additionally, gestational diabetes mellitus was associated with a lower likelihood of FGR (POR = 0.08; p = 0.01), and lower maternal education increased the risk of FGR (6.96-fold higher odds; p < 0.01). These findings highlight the importance of integrating oral health assessment and management into routine preconception and antenatal care. Early identification and treatment of periodontal disease can reduce adverse pregnancy outcomes and enhance maternal and fetal health. Preventive oral health strategies should be prioritized for all women of reproductive age to promote healthier pregnancies.