Ecology, transmission, and control of Listeria monocytogenes from a One Health perspective

Listeria monocytogenes is a critical foodborne pathogen that cycles through the human–animal–environment interface, necessitating a “One Health” approach for effective management. In this review, the ecological flexibility of L. monocytogenes is explored, highlighting its survival mechanisms in diverse environments and its transmission through soil, water, and livestock. The emergence of multidrug-resistant strains through horizontal gene transfer and the persistence of biofilm in food processing facilities were discussed in this review. Furthermore, integrated control strategies are presented, including advanced molecular detection, innovative biofilm eradication, and hurdle technologies. Finally, the necessity of a unified surveillance system using whole-genome sequencing is emphasized to bridge current management gaps and mitigate public health risks. By understanding the interconnectedness of ecosystems, we can establish sustainable food safety systems.