On the Energy Conversion Paths of Gravitation and Electromagnetic Force

There exist three fundamental forces in the universe: gravitation, electromagnetic force and strong force. The three fundamental forces can realize energy conversion through instantaneous actionatadistance. Nevertheless, actionatadistance is not the only form of energy transfer. Nature also has other transfer modes such as energy transfer by physical contact and energy propagation carried by photons. The strong force is confined to the microscopic scale of atomic nuclei. Although its principles can be inferred according to common laws, they cannot be deduced and verified easily through macroscopic phenomena and will not be discussed in depth in this paper. This article only sorts out the complete energy conversion paths of gravitation and electromagnetic force. Gravitation performs instantaneous work at a distance and realizes mutual conversion between gravitational potential energy and kinetic energy of objects. The water potential energy possessed by water bodies at high altitudes is an intuitive manifestation of gravitational potential energy on the earth’s surface. Part of the kinetic energy converted from water potential energy turns into diffused thermal energy through friction and collision. Another part can impact the blades of a water turbine and be converted into mechanical energy. With the help of electromagnetic devices, mechanical energy is further transformed into electric potential energy and finally forms electromagnetic energy packets capable of directional longdistance transmission. Gravitation itself cannot directly generate directionally transmissible energy forms. The introduction of electromagnetic interaction is indispensable to produce electric energy. The electromagnetic force performs instantaneous work at a distance and completes the conversion between electric potential energy and transmitted electromagnetic energy packets along conductive paths. Electromagnetic energy packets can propagate directionally along conductors and flexibly convert into various energy forms including light energy, thermal energy, mechanical energy and chemical energy according to the material structure of terminal loads. All forms of energy in the universe originate from the same source and can be converted step by step. There are multiple ways of energy transfer, and instantaneous work at a distance by fundamental forces is merely one important category. All conversion processes strictly obey the law of conservation of energy. Clarifying the standard energy conversion paths of the two macroscopic fundamental forces can revise the vague understanding of energy conversion in conventional physics and improve the underlying logical framework of the LightOrigin Theory.