Association of MDM2 rs2279744 and rs937282 polymorphisms with breast cancer susceptibility and circulating MDM2 and p53 levels in Bangladeshi women: A case-control study

Background The MDM2–p53 signaling pathway plays a central role in tumor suppression, and genetic variants that disrupt this pathway may influence breast cancer (BC) susceptibility. However, data from South Asian populations, particularly Bangladesh, remain limited. Methods A case–control study was conducted in Bangladeshi women, including BC patients and healthy controls (HCs). Genotyping of MDM2 polymorphisms was performed using PCR-based methods. Circulating MDM2 and p53 protein levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Associations between genotype, protein levels, BC status, and clinicopathological features were evaluated using appropriate statistical models. Results Women carrying the heterozygous TG genotype had a markedly increased risk of BC across additive, dominant, and over-dominant models, whereas the GG genotype showed a protective effect under the recessive model. In contrast, rs937282 did not show a significant association with BC risk. Circulating MDM2 levels were significantly elevated in patients compared with controls and varied by rs2279744 genotype, while circulating p53 levels showed an opposite trend. A strong inverse correlation was observed between serum MDM2 and p53 levels, suggesting a potential association with the MDM2–p53 regulatory pathway. Elevated MDM2 levels were also noted in HER2- positive and triple-positive BC subtypes. Conclusion Together, these findings suggest that the MDM2 rs2279744 polymorphism is associated with breast cancer susceptibility and genotype-specific differences in circulating MDM2 and p53 levels. However, the absence of functional validation limits direct causal inference.