Host Immune Responses to Pathogenic Infections: A Review

Pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, parasites and fungi, continuously adapt to evade host immune defenses. To counteract these threats, the host orchestrates a complex immune response, deploying specialized cellular network and chemicals that collaboratively identify and eradicate the intruders. The innate immune response functions as the body’s primary line of defense, employing pattern recognition receptors to identify infections and activate swift response mechanisms. Subsequent to this primary response, an adaptive response facilitates precise and prolonged eradication of infections through T cells, B cells, and antibodies. This review elucidates the mechanism of the adaptive immune response and delineates the role of distinct immune system components in conferring immunity to infections. Simultaneous precise management of the immune system is more advantageous in combating immunological-related disorders.