Electrochemical and Biological Evaluation of Patterned TiO 2 @TiC‐Nanowires for Bio‐Interface Electrode

The next generation of bioelectronic interfaces demands materials that integrate biocompatibility, robust electrochemical performance and architectural functionality. Here, we introduce a low‐temperature fabrication approach for patterned titanium oxide‐coated titanium carbide nanowires (P‐TiO 2 @TiC‐NWs), utilizing room‐temperature sputter deposition, avoiding high‐temperature carbide synthesis. TiO 2 @TiC‐NWs combine the high‐aspect‐ratio architecture of TiO 2 ‐NWs with the electrochemical performance of TiC, providing a tunable platform for bioelectronic interface design. By tuning sputtering pressure and duration, distinct TiC shell morphologies and compositions were engineered. Low‐pressure deposition produced a uniform conductive shell, favoring faster charge dynamics and a more ideal capacitive response, while high‐pressure deposition generated a carbon‐rich, cauliflower‐like morphology that increased electrochemically accessible surface area. TiO 2 @TiC‐NWs reached areal capacitances of 1.01 and 2.25 mF cm − 2 for 20 min deposition at 3 and 10 mTorr, respectively, compared with 117 µF cm − 2 and 1.35 mF cm − 2 for the corresponding planar TiC films. After 3000 cycles in physiological buffer, the 10 mTorr, 20 min sputtered sample retained 86% capacitance, while the 3 mTorr retained 75%. C2C12 myotubes cultured on P‐TiO 2 @TiC‐NW substrates exhibited preferential adhesion and directional alignment along the nanowire stripe axis, demonstrating the capacity of nanoscale surface topography to instruct anisotropic cell organization. Together, these features highlight P‐TiO 2 @TiC‐NWs as promising bioelectronic interfaces.