Power ultrasound for enhanced particle dispersion and mechanical performance in cement-based materials: a quantitative image analysis approach

The performance of cement-based materials heavily relies on the uniform dispersion of particles, yet traditional methods often fall short in efficiency. This study investigated the use of power ultrasound to improve particle dispersion in cement paste and the mechanical performance of cement-based materials. An image-based quantitative characterization approach combining optical microscopy and image processing was applied to derive comparative image-derived metrics for evaluating particle-distribution states. Among the tested nominal electrical power levels, the 750 W treatment produced the most favorable comparative image-derived metrics and the highest mean compressive strength at 3, 7, and 28 d. An exploratory positive association was observed between particle area and early compressive strength, suggesting that the comparative image-derived metrics may serve as indicators of early strength development under the tested conditions. Additionally, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated differences in hydration products and microstructure following ultrasonic treatment. These findings indicate the potential of power ultrasound as a supplementary physical treatment for cement-based materials.