Advances in Antiviral Delivery Systems and Chitosan-Based Polymeric and Nanoparticulate Antivirals and Antiviral Carriers

Figures

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  Figure 6. Synthesis of sulfated chitosan [217]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2018).

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  Figure 1. Selected innovative dosage forms for antiviral therapy).

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  Figure 2. Different types of nanoparticles used as carriers for antiviral drugs.

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  Figure 3. Representative SEM images of TDF/FTC-NPs at the magnifications of (A) 15,250× (bar = 2 µm) and (B) 100,000× (bar = 0.5 µm). (C) Particle diameter distribution determined by SEM and corresponding Gauss fitting [82]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2019).

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  Figure 4. Properties of chitosan and its biomedicinal applications.

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  Figure 5. Synthesis of quaternized chitosan (DMS–dimethylsulfate) [198]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2015).

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  Figure 7. The reaction scheme for a CS derivative with sugar via the Maillard reaction [225]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2016).

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  Figure 8. Crosslink reaction between chitosan and glutaraldehyde [228]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2012).

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  Figure 9. Reaction scheme for the synthesis of β-CD-CS derivative [236]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2013).

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  Figure 10. Preparation of COS from chitin and CS via physical, chemical, and enzymatic degradation methods [241]. Reproduced with permission from Elsevier (Copyright © 2021).

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  Figure 11. Different types of CS NPs in antiviral drug delivery systems.

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  Figure 12. Schematic representation of preparation methods of CS NPs applied for antivirals.