Current evidence on artificial intelligence in regional anesthesia

The recent advancement in regional anesthesia (RA) has been largely attributed to ultrasound technology. However, the safety and efficiency of ultrasound-guided nerve blocks depend upon the skill and experience of the performer. Even with adequate training, experience, and knowledge, human-related limitations such as fatigue, failure to recognize the correct anatomical structure, and unintentional needle or probe movement can hinder the overall effectiveness of RA. The amalgamation of artificial intelligence (AI) to RA practice has promised to override these human limitations. Machine learning, an integral part of AI can improve its performance through continuous learning and experience, like the human brain. It enables computers to recognize images and patterns specifically useful in anatomic structure identification during the performance of RA. AI can provide real-time guidance to clinicians by highlighting important anatomical structures on ultrasound images, and it can also assist in needle tracking and accurate deposition of local anesthetics. The future of RA with AI integration appears promising, yet obstacles such as device malfunction, data privacy, regulatory barriers, and cost concerns can deter its clinical implementation. The current mini review deliberates the current application, future direction, and barrier to the application of AI in RA practice.