From the new environmental paradigm to the brief ecological paradigm: a revised scale in golf tourism

The new environmental paradigm (NEP) is probably the most widely used measure of environmental attitude in the world. However, according to the literature review, the dimensionality of the NEP scale has occasioned disagreement. The main objective of this paper was to provide a solution to this dilemma, proposing an examination of the NEP scale. Hence, this paper proposes a short form measure called brief ecological paradigm (BEP) scale. The present study is based on a sample of 509 golf tourists from several European countries. Findings suggest that is advisable to remove bipolarity between paradigms (ecocentrism and anthropocentrism) within the same scale. Moreover, the results suggest that the BEP is a reliable and fast form approach to measuring environmental attitudes.