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Implantation into metals at room and lower temperatures can result in the formation of metastable phases. For low concentrations, ≲1 at. %, substitutional and interstitial solutions have been observed for implantation into Be, Fe, Ni, and Cu. At higher concentrations, ≳10 at. %, both metastable solid solutions and amorphous alloys have been formed in Fe, Ni, and Cu.
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J. M. Poate (1978) studied this question.
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