Prolonged mean response time in older adults with cardiovascular risk compared to healthy older adults

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Diagram of Mean Response Time Calculation. (A) (upper panel) shows V̇O2 during incremental and constant exercise load in a sample case. Rest, warm-up, and a ramp protocol of 10W/min (Ramp10) on day 1 was followed on day 2 by constant load exercise for a total of 25min. (B) (lower panel) shows a diagram of the MRT calculation. The difference in oxygen uptake from VAT on day 1 to V̇O2 steady state (20–25min) on day 2 was defined as ΔV̇O2 ① (ΔV̇O2 after VAT). The difference in oxygen uptake from the day 1 VAT to the earlier MRT was defined as ΔV̇O2 ② (ΔV̇O2 before VAT). VAT – ventilatory anaerobic threshold; V̇O2 – oxygen uptake

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  Fig. 2. Mean Response Time. The mean response time (MRT) for each group is shown. Green markers indicate individual mean response times for all cases. Blue markers indicate individual mean response times for the healthy group and red markers indicate individual mean response times for the cardiovascular risk group. Patients with cardiovascular risk had significantly prolonged MRT compared to healthy adults

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  Fig. 3. ΔV̇O2 before and after VAT. The left figure (A) shows all cases (green) and the right figure (B) shows pre- and post-VAT ΔV̇O2 for each group (healthy group: blue; risk group: red). The x-axis shows ΔV̇O2 after VAT and the y-axis shows ΔV̇O2 before VAT. Dotted lines indicate 95% confidence intervals for each group in their associated color. ΔV̇O2 showed a significant correlation in both groups. Patients with cardiovascular risk had significantly higher ΔV̇O2 compared to healthy adults. VAT – ventilatory anaerobic threshold. V̇O2 – oxygen uptake

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  Fig. 4. Relationship between mean response time and physical activity. Physical activity (in metabolic equivalents, METs) was calculated using the responses from the International Physical Activity Questionnaire short form (IPAQ-SF). Mean response time (MRT) tended to shorten in both groups (healthy group: blue; risk group: red) as activity level increased