Effect of self-management programs on the quality of life and health-related outcomes of heart failure patients: An important yet challenging & questionable issue

The most common cause of mortality in the world is cardiovascular disease [1]. Heart failure (HF) is a chronic and complex disease that has led to a serious challenge in the world due to its high incidence and mortality rate [2]. In the United States from 2011 to 2014, 6.5 million people aged ≥20 suffer from HF. It is estimated that the prevalence of HF will increase by 46% by 2030 and the number of HF patients over the age of 18 will increase to more than 8 million [3]. Hence, maintaining and promoting physical, mental, psychological, spiritual, and social health is very important and necessary in patients with HF [4]. Patients with HF are usually treated with different medication regimens due to the many and varied diagnoses, which ultimately lead to adverse outcomes such as increased length of stay in the hospital and reduced quality of life due to the complexity of treatment and its complications [5].