Key result
Increased carotid sinus length shifts recirculation zones toward the outer wall, decreasing wall shear stress and increasing the risk of atherosclerotic plaque development.
Why the study?
Dimensions of the carotid sinus vary from person to person, affecting the hemodynamics of the carotid artery and potentially the risk of atherosclerotic plaque build-up.
Computational fluid dynamics modeling demonstrates that a longer carotid sinus alters local hemodynamics, increasing the biomechanical risk for atherosclerotic plaque formation.
Longer sinus may elevate carotid plaque risk via hemodynamics; hypothesis-generating in animal CFD, requiring human validation.
The mortality rates due to cardiovascular diseases are on a rise globally. One of the major cardiovascular diseases is stroke which occurs due to atherosclerotic plaques build-up in the carotid artery. The common carotid artery (CCA) bifurcates into the internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA). Sinus present at ICA is an ellipsoidal-shaped dilated region acting as a pressure receptor and blood flow regulator. Dimensions of the sinus vary from person to person, affecting the hemodynamics of the carotid artery. The current numerical study manifests a 3D flow analysis by varying the sinus length to investigate its local and global effects on the hemodynamics of the carotid artery using various biomechanical risk analysis parameters of atherosclerosis. User-defined function (UDF) dictates the pulsatile flow velocity profile imposed at the inlet. Near the outer wall (OW) of the sinus, the blood flow velocities are lower and recirculation zones are more. Though the recirculation zones for shorter sinus will be close to the inner wall (IW), interestingly, with an increase in the sinus length, the recirculation zones shift toward the OW with higher strength. These significantly decrease the x-wall shear stress (x-WSS) and time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) values on the OW of the longer sinus. The other risk analysis parameters, like oscillatory shear index (OSI) and relative residence time (RRT), support the described consequences. These results reveal that sinus of increased length is more prone to developing atherosclerotic plaque.
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Kalita et al. (2023) studied Atherosclerosis. Increased sinus length vs. Shorter sinus length was evaluated on Hemodynamics of the carotid artery (x-WSS, TAWSS, OSI, RRT). Increased carotid sinus length shifts recirculation zones toward the outer wall, decreasing wall shear stress and increasing the risk of atherosclerotic plaque development.
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