Innovative options for the reuse and valorisation of aquaculture sludge and fish mortalities: Sustainability evaluation through Life-Cycle Assessment

Two Life-Cycle Assessments (LCAs) were conducted to evaluate the environmental performances of selected novel eco-intensification innovations for the treatment and valorisation of sludge and fish mortalities from finfish aquaculture. The first innovation is based on a new process for filtering and drying particles from the reject water from a Recirculating Aquaculture System (RAS), with end-of-life recovery of nutrients and biomass to be reused as organic fertiliser or as energy source. The second process is based on a new device for drying fish mortalities and reusing the end-product as ingredient in the pet food industry or as energy source. Innovations refer to a functional unit of 1 ton of farmed fish and of fish mortalities, respectively, and were tested with a RAS for smolt production within the physical system boundary of a Norwegian facility. A set of standard indicators was selected for the Life-Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA). The results indicate that the new processes compare well with the established ones, showing a marked decrease in most impact categories: indicators decrease by −12% through to −67% when sludge treatment innovations are applied, and by more than −86% after novel changes about fish mortality, with water consumption instead increasing by +7% and up to +50%, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis provided insights which could lead to improve their environmental performances.