A metabolomics study reveals potential plasma biomarkers for predicting post-infarction left ventricular remodeling: findings from the metabolights database

Figures

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  Figure 1. PCA score plot. The plot displays the distribution and separation of samples based on their multivariate profiles. The first two principal components, PC1 and PC2, explain 22.73% and 9.96% of the total variance, respectively. Data points are categorized by type: the non-remodeling group (infarction), and the ventricular remodeling group (infarction_VR). Individual sample identifiers are displayed for reference. PCA, principal component analysis.

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  Figure 2. (A) PLS-DA score plot demonstrating separation between the non-remodeling (infarction) and ventricular remodeling (infarction_VR) groups. Key model parameters (goodness-of-fit: R2X, R2Y; predictive ability: Q2) are indicated. (B) Permutation test (n = 100) results for the PLS-DA model, showing the distributions of R2Y and Q2 from permuted data against the original model. (C) Distribution of VIP scores. PLS-DA, partial least squares-discriminant analysis; VIP, variable importance in projection.

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  Figure 3. Heatmap of key differential metabolites. Levels of Threonine, Glycine, and Histidine across individual samples are displayed. Rows represent metabolites, and columns represent samples clustered by remodeling status (infarction vs. infarction_VR). The color scale indicates Z-score transformed levels, with red and blue representing concentrations above and below the mean, respectively.

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  Figure 4. Violin plots of three key metabolite concentrations. Plasma concentrations of (A) Threonine, (B) Glycine, and (C) Histidine are compared between the non-remodeling (infarction) and ventricular remodeling (infarction_VR) groups. Each plot displays the data distribution, kernel density estimation, and median value. Statistical significance was determined by the Mann–Whitney U test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01).

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  Figure 5. ROC curves of the three key metabolites. (A) The curves demonstrate the predictive performance of Threonine (AUC = 0.785), (B) Glycine (AUC = 0.748), and (C) Histidine (AUC = 0.745) for discriminating between post-STEMI patients with and without ventricular remodeling. ROC, receiver operating characteristic; AUC, area under the curve.

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  Figure 6. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. The top 20 enriched pathways are shown. Bar length and color represent the −log10 (p-value) of enrichment. The number of metabolites mapped to each pathway is indicated. KEGG, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes.