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Most cell-mediated and humoral immune responses decline with advancing age. Both the T- and B-cell compartments show deficiencies in activation, transit through the cell cycle, and subsequent differentiation. The T-cell compartment, notably the CD4 subset, which includes helper cells, is most affected by thymic involution. The mucosal immune system is relatively unaffected.
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William O. Weigle (1989) studied this question.
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