Anatomical approaches for knee cruciate and collateral ligament surgery

The knee is a highly complex joint that withstands substantial functional stress during daily activities and sports. The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), consisting of an anteromedial and a posterolateral bundle, aid in prevention of excessive tibial translation thus providing anterior knee stability. Similarly, the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) comprised of anterolateral and posteromedial bundles, provide resistance against posterior tibial translation. The posteromedial corner (PMC) includes five key components, with three primary static stabilizers that maintain valgus and posteromedial stability. Meanwhile, the posterolateral corner (PLC), historically known as the "dark side of the knee," comprises three critical stabilizing structures that counteract varus and rotational forces. A comprehensive understanding of normal and surgical anatomy is essential for achieving successful outcomes upon injury to any of these ligaments. The manuscript aims to review the major knee ligaments, their anatomical landmarks, and the key surgical tricks and trips involved in their reconstruction.