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A central issue that must be addressed by phytonutrient research is how to assess the effects of phytonutrients on long-term health. Proper assessment of these effects requires the measurement of biomarkers of long-term health in people consuming any particular phytonutrient. This is a brief review of what is known about biomarkers of cancer risk, immune function, and aging. Relatively few biomarkers of long-term health have been even partially validated in experimental animals or people.
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Bronson et al. (2009) studied this question.
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