Syndecan-1 Expression Is Increased in the Aortic Wall of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes but Is Unrelated to Elevated Fasting Plasma Glucagon-Like Peptide-1

Figures

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  Figure 1. Study groups.

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  Figure 2. Type 2 diabetes was associated with decreased plasma Sdc-1 and an increased expression of Sdc-1 in the aortic tissue. The Sdc-1 expression in the adventitia was significantly increased in T2D patients (A) normalized data and (B) Western blot data (the full-length blot is provided in Supplementary Material Figure S3); (C) MMP-2 activity in the adventitia was not changed due to T2D; (D) The plasma Sdc-1 was significantly decreased in the same patient group. (E) The expression of Sdc-1 in the adventitia was not associated with Sdc-1 in plasma. Comparisons between the groups were made using an unpaired t-test or a Mann–Whitney. A Pearson correlation was used to assess the associations. For plasma, n = 36 for the control and n = 30 for T2D; for tissue, n = 10 for the control and n = 9 for T2D. ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001, ns = not significant.

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  Figure 3. Increased fpGLP-1 in T2D was not significantly associated with the increased Sdc-1 expression in the adventitia of patients with T2D. (A) fpGLP-1 levels were upregulated in the T2D group of this study. (B) GLP-1R was detected in the adventitia of T2D patients. MIN6 cells and human aortic SMCs were used as a control and the bands were normalized with Coomassie Brilliant Blue (the full-length blot is provided in Supplementary Material Figure S3). (C) Sdc-1 in the adventitia was not associated with total fpGLP-1 in T2D patients and (D) the total fpGLP-1 was not associated with plasma Sdc-1 in patients with T2D. However, (E) the Sdc-1 in plasma was positively associated with GLP-1R in the adventitia (n = 10). A Pearson correlation was used to assess any potential associations. Comparisons between the groups were made using a one-sided unpaired t-test. For plasma, n = 36 for the control and n = 30 for T2D; for tissue, n = 10 for the control and n = 9 for T2D. * p < 0.05.

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  Figure 4. The Sdc-1 was increased in the aortic tissue of patients with an ascending AA. The Sdc-1 expression in the adventitia was higher in ascending AA patients compared with the control non-ascending AA patients, (A) normalized data and (B) Western blot data. The macrophage marker CD68 was increased in patients with an ascending AA compared with the control but no change of the same was noticed in the T2D patients, (C) normalized data and (D) Western blot data. (E) The MMP-2 activity in the adventitia was not associated with the Sdc-1 expression in the same tissue nor was MMP-2 altered in the ascending AA group (F). A Pearson correlation was used to assess the associations. (G) The plasma Sdc-1 was not changed in the ascending AA patients. (H) The Sdc-1 in the adventitia was positively correlated with the IL-4/IFN-γ ratio. Comparisons between the groups were made using an unpaired t-test or a Mann–Whitney. n = 10 for the control and n = 10 for the ascending AA. Pearson correlation analysis was performed to assess any associations. ns = not significant, * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. For (B,D) the full-length blot is provided in Supplementary Material Figure S3.