What does this research mean for the field?

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) and temporal interference (TI) stimulation can modulate neural function across multiple levels and show potential for treating neuropsychiatric disorders, though further systematic studies are needed to clarify mechanisms and optimize protocols for clinical translation. Novelty: ClaimNovelty.SYNTHESIS. Consensus alignment: ConsensusAlignment.NEUTRAL.

What question did this study set out to answer?

To review the biophysical mechanisms, technical developments, safety profiles, and preclinical evidence of transcranial alternating current stimulation and temporal interference stimulation for brain disorders.

September 4, 2026Translational PsychiatryOpen Access

Advances in transcranial alternating current stimulation and temporal interference stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanisms, technical developments, and preclinical evidence

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To review the biophysical mechanisms, technical developments, safety profiles, and preclinical evidence of transcranial alternating current stimulation and temporal interference stimulation for brain disorders.
Synthesized findings from multiscale computational modeling, cellular experiments, intact-animal studies, and disease-specific animal models.
Evaluated stimulation parameter dependencies, deep-target steering mechanisms, safety parameters, and peripheral nerve applications across preclinical literature.
Both neuromodulation approaches alter neural activity across membrane, cellular, local circuit, synaptic, and behavioral levels.
Temporal interference stimulation achieves targeted non-invasive engagement of deep brain structures by intersecting multiple kilohertz-frequency fields to generate localized low-frequency envelopes.
While alternating current stimulation has advanced to human clinical trials, temporal interference remains largely preclinical and requires systematic evaluation of dose-response dynamics and long-term safety.

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Implication

Preclinical review reveals multilevel neuromodulatory effects of alternating current and temporal interference stimulation in animal models, highlighting potential for deep-brain targeting.

Cite This Study

Wang et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a9a85b05d9e33f25c63100a https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-026-04417-4

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Implication

Preclinical review reveals multilevel neuromodulatory effects of alternating current and temporal interference stimulation in animal models, highlighting potential for deep-brain targeting.

Advances in transcranial alternating current stimulation and temporal interference stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanisms, technical developments, and preclinical evidence

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Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

Advances in transcranial alternating current stimulation and temporal interference stimulation for neuropsychiatric disorders: mechanisms, technical developments, and preclinical evidence

Key Points

Discussion

Implication

Cite This Study

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