Ecohydrology and phytoremediation model for urban water management using Asystasia gangetica and the entropy weight method

Urban water systems in rapidly urbanizing cities are increasingly exposed to combined pressures from land conversion, domestic wastewater discharge, and hydrological alteration. However, existing urban water management approaches often lack integrated, data-driven frameworks that simultaneously prioritize environmental stress, evaluate phytoremediation potential, and support practical Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) implementation for sustainable decision-making. Addressing this gap, the present study develops an ecohydrology-based assessment model for urban water management in Depok City, Indonesia. This study evaluates environmental stress and phytoremediation potential in Depok City, Indonesia, using an entropy-based multi-criteria framework integrated with ecohydrological indicators and Nature-Based Solutions (NbS). A total of 41 sub-districts were assessed using water quality parameters (BOD, COD, TSS, pH, DO, and surfactants), hydrological variables, and urban pressure indicators. The Entropy Weight Method (EWM) was applied to determine indicator importance objectively, followed by composite index calculation and spatial prioritization. The results indicate that dissolved oxygen, TSS, pH, and drainage density contributed most strongly to environmental differentiation across the study area. Spatial classification revealed that environmental stress is widely distributed across both urban-core and peri-urban districts, with high and very high priority zones dominating the city. Correlation analysis further suggests that environmental degradation is shaped by multidimensional interactions rather than a single dominant urban factor. The study also incorporates Asystasia gangetica -based phytoremediation as a potential NbS strategy. Areas with greater ecological suitability exhibited higher vegetation potential, while remediation efficacy varied across stress categories, indicating that local environmental conditions influence phytoremediation performance. The findings provide a practical decision-support framework that enables local governments and urban planners to identify priority intervention areas, optimize phytoremediation deployment, and strengthen evidence-based urban water management policies. The proposed framework provides a spatially explicit and data-driven approach for supporting urban water management, ecological restoration prioritization, and adaptive NbS implementation in rapidly developing tropical cities. Furthermore, the framework contributes to the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), particularly SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation), SDG 11 (Sustainable Cities and Communities), and SDG 13 (Climate Action), by supporting resilient urban water governance through ecosystem-based solutions.