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Evaluation reveals that explicitly structuring authoritative definitions eliminates classification instability in LLMs, indicating multi-output failures stem from unguided semantic composition.
A governed classification judgment that was correct in isolation became incorrect when a neighboring output was requested from the same model on the same evidence. Reordering and routing recovered it locally but not under the full output. Correcting the governed semantic input — making explicit which definitions were authoritative and how they related, rather than leaving it for the model to infer — removed the failure under the ordinary inference path, with no change to the model and no added inference stage. Composition is semantic: inputs and requested outputs have to be governed as one system, and a semantic defect can surface as model instability.
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Patrick L Carter (2026) studied this question.
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