Axon initial segment plasticity in neuronal circuit function and memory formation

Axon initial segments are the site of action potential initiation and the final site of synaptic integration. Since the seminal discoveries by Grubb & Burrone and Kuba et al., which showed that axon initial segment length and location can be dynamically changed, a large number of studies has investigated the role of structural axon initial segment plasticity particularly in light of homeostatic maintenance of neuronal activity and disease states. Recent advances are now starting to shed light on the role of axon initial segments in neuronal circuit function as well as learning and memory opening new avenues to understand axon initial segment plasticity in adaptive neuronal dynamics and behavior in health and disease.