Past, present, and future roles of atoms in precision electromagnetic measurements are discussed. In particular, atomic frequency standards, the current definition of the meter, the Josephson voltage, and the quantized Hall resistance are reviewed. Laser cooling and trapping of atoms are discussed with emphasis on a proposal of further cooling the atoms to a temperature of microkelvins and nanokelvins by utilizing the dipole force rather than the scattering force.>
No takes yet. Share an insight, caveat, or question.
K. Shimoda (1989) studied this question.
Synapse has enriched 5 closely related papers on similar clinical questions. Consider them for comparative context: