Elevated Serum Retinol Binding Protein 4 is Associated with the Risk of Diabetic Cardiomyopathy

Figures

• 

  Fig. 1.. Diagram showing patient flow throughout the trial. Flow chart of study enrollment to illustrate the inclusion and exclusion criteria.

• 

  Fig. 2.. Violin plot of serum RBP4 levels measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Control, participants without diabetes (n = 102). NDCM, diabetic patients without cardiac dysfunction (n = 159). DCM, patients with diabetic cardiomyopathy (n = 86).

• 

  Fig. 3.. RCS to evaluate RBP4 and NT-proBNP levels with the risk of DCM in diabetes. Odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were derived from restricted cubic spline regression adjusted for age, gender, diabetes duration, body mass index, insulin treatment, left ventricular ejection fraction, triglyceride, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, diabetic neuropathy and Log NT-proBNP (for RBP4 only), with knots placed at the 10th, 50th, and 90th percentiles (A) or tertiles (B) of RBP4 and tertiles of NT-proBNP (C). Blue vertical dashed lines in panel A indicate RBP4 knot cut-offs placed at 10th (30 μg/mL), 50th (51 μg/mL), and 90th (72.55 μg/mL). Blue vertical dashed lines in panel B indicate RBP4 knot cut-offs placed at tertiles (45 μg/mL, 59.8 μg/mL). Blue vertical dashed lines in panel C indicate NT-proBNP knot cut-offs placed at 10th (80 μg/mL), 50th (330 μg/mL), and 90th (877 μg/mL). Red dashed horizontal line indicates OR at 1.00. The black line indicated OR, and the shadow indicated 95% CI. p values were based on the likelihood ratio test.