Tip Deflection and Blocking Force of Soft PZT‐Based Cantilever RAINBOW Actuators

A piezoelectric/electrostrictive RAINBOW actuator is a monolithic bending device consisting of an electromechanically active layer and a reduced passive layer formed in a high‐temperature reduction treatment. When the piezoelectric or electrostrictive layer is driven under an electric field or when the environmental temperature changes, bending deflection is produced because of the constraint of the reduced inactive layer or because of the thermal expansion coefficient difference of the two layers. In this study, general analytical expressions relating tip deflection, blocking force, and equivalent moment with an applied electric field and temperature change are derived for a cantilevered RAINBOW actuator. It is shown that optimal actuator performance can be achieved in the RAINBOW actuator by choosing a suitable thickness ratio of the reduced layer to the PZT layer. A series of RAINBOW cantilever actuators have been experimentally prepared from high‐density, soft, lead zirconate titanate (PZT) ceramics. Different reduction layer thickness is obtained by adjusting the processing parameters, such as reduction temperature and time. The measured results on tip deflection and blocking force agree well with theoretical prediction under a weak electric field. However, when a high driving electric field is used, deviation is observed, which can be attributed to a nonlinear piezoelectric response and a nonlinear elastic behavior associated with soft PZT materials under high driving electric fields.