A series of titanate-based layered perovskites having large values of the spontaneous polarization Pₛ were developed for their applcations to nonvolatile ferroelectric random access memories. Among these, the Nd-modified bismuth titanate [Bi_4-xNdₓTi₃O₁₂ (BNdT)] system exhibited the most remarkable ferroelectric properties. The c-axis oriented BNdT capacitor was characterized by a switchable remanent polarization 2Pᵣ of over 100 μC/cm² and imprinting and fatigue-free behavior. The active Ti site responsible for the giant Pₛ was identified with the help of Rietveld analysis, x-ray absorption near-edge structure study, and ab initio quantum computations.
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Chon et al. (2002) studied this question.
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