RNA viruses: from RNA processing and interaction mechanisms to new prevention and control strategies

RNA viruses are a class of viruses with ribonucleic acid (RNA) as genomic genetic material, including some important human and animal pathogens, such as influenza, SARS-CoV-2, Ebola, and other highly pathogenic viruses. RNA virus infection affects the regulation of RNA processing in host cells, such as alternative splicing, polyadenylation, RNA modification, and RNA degradation. These changes affect the replication and translation of the virus’s own RNA, as well as its immune escape and pathogenicity. In the invaded cells, viral RNAs use the host molecular machine to produce the proteins encoded by the virus itself. These viral RNA and protein macromolecules form a complex interaction network with host proteins and RNAs in regulating the replication of the virus and the host response. In this review, we systematically examine the types and characteristics of RNA viruses, including the representative viruses and the harm they cause. We also summarize recent progress on the molecular events and mechanisms of RNA viruses after infecting cells, including the regulated RNA processing of viral and host RNAs, viral RNA-protein, and other macromolecular interactions. Finally, we introduce the new progress and challenges of RNA-based therapeutic methods, such as mRNA vaccines and ASO drugs, in preventing and treating RNA viruses.