Cannabis and Health: Exploring Risks, Benefits and Research Horizons

Cannabis is the most widely used illicit substance globally, with its psychoactive compound, Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), exerting significant systemic effects. Upon consumption, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) rapidly enters the bloodstream, affecting multiple physiological systems. This review synthesises current evidence on the acute and chronic health effects of cannabis use. A comprehensive search of electronic databases (PubMed and Google Scholar) was employed to identify peer-reviewed studies and conference proceedings within the last 25 years. Keywords were utilized, e.g., ‘cannabis’, AND ‘THC’, AND ‘systemic effects’ and related terms. Acute adverse effects include hyperemesis syndrome, impaired coordination, anxiety and psychotic symptoms. Chronic cannabis use has been associated with mood disorders, exacerbation of psychotic conditions, withdrawal syndrome, neurocognitive impairments, cardiovascular complications, immune suppression and reproductive dysfunction. The nervous system is particularly vulnerable, with evidence linking cannabis to altered cognitive function, increased risk of psychiatric disorders and neuroinflammatory responses. Cardiovascular risks include arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and stroke, while immunosuppressive properties may heighten susceptibility to infections. In addition, cannabis use has been implicated in reproductive health issues and pregnancy complications. Despite ongoing debates regarding its therapeutic applications, concerns remain over its long-term impact, especially with increasing legalisation. Current research is limited by confounding variables such as polydrug use and genetic predisposition, making causality difficult to establish. Further longitudinal studies and clinical trials are necessary to delineate the risks and benefits of cannabis use, inform public health policies and guide evidence-based regulations. This review highlights the importance of standardised dosing, potency control and public awareness campaigns in mitigating adverse health consequences, particularly among vulnerable populations.