Effects of long-term childhood exercise and detraining on lipid accumulation in metabolic-related organs

Figures

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  Fig 1. Changes in body weight. Body weight (A) and daily food consumption (B). Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different between the OLETF Sed group vs. LETO rats and the OLETF Sed vs. OLETF Ex groups, respectively, P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.

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  Fig 2. Changes in blood biomarkers. Fasting plasma triacylglycerol (A) and free fatty acid (B), glucose homeostasis during the oral glucose tolerance test at 20-week-old (C), and fasting plasma insulin concentrations at 20-week-old (D). wo, week-old. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different from age-matched LETO rats and age-matched the OLETF Sed group, respectively, P < 0.05, one way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.

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  Fig 3. Histological changes in the pancreas. Representative pancreas images stained with hematoxylin and eosin (A) and distribution of islets diameter (B). wo, week-old. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM.

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  Fig 4. Histological changes in the skeletal muscle. Gastrocnemius muscle wet weight (A), the ratio of muscle wet weight to body weight (B), representative gastrocnemius lateralis images (C), and cross-sectional area of each muscle fiber type (D). wo, week-old; BW, body weight; SDH, succinate dehydrogenase. I, IIA, and IIB denote type I, IIA, and IIB fibers, respectively. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different from LETO rats and the OLETF Sed group, respectively, P < 0.05, one way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.

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  Fig 5. Histological changes and TAG contents in the liver. Liver wet weight (A), representative liver images stained with hematoxylin and eosin (B), percentage of liver steatosis (C), number of lobular inflammatory foci (D), and hepatic TAG contents (E). TAG, triacylglycerol; wo, week-old. A black arrow and a black arrowhead indicate macrovesicular steatosis and microvesicular steatosis, respectively. A yellow arrow indicates an inflammatory focus. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different from age-matched LETO rats and age-matched the OLETF Sed group, respectively, P < 0.05, one way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.

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  Fig 6. Histological changes in the epididymal white adipose tissue. eWAT wet weight (A), representative eWAT images stained with hematoxylin and eosin (B), distribution of adipocyte diameter (C), and number of crown-like structures (D). eWAT, epididymal white adipose tissue; wo, week-old. Black arrows indicate crown-liked structure. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different from age-matched LETO rats and age-matched the OLETF Sed group, respectively, P < 0.05, one way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.

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  Fig 7. Histological changes in the brown adipose tissue. BAT wet weight (A) and representative BAT images stained with hematoxylin and eosin (B). BAT, brown adipose tissue; wo, week-old. Data are illustrated as mean ± SEM. * and † show significantly different from age-matched LETO rats and age-matched the OLETF Sed group, respectively, P < 0.05, one way ANOVA. n = 5–6 per group.