Theoretical analysis reveals a mixed ground state in de Sitter Jackiw-Teitelboim gravity, indicating that quantum cosmological initial states deviate from pure Hartle-Hawking states.
A bstract Jackiw-Teitelboim (JT) gravity in two-dimensional de Sitter space is an intriguing toy model for a quantum mechanical description of an inflationary phase of the universe, including initial conditions. Starting from exact solutions of the Wheeler-DeWitt equation, we study a conditional density matrix of the system. We find that the ground state is a mixed state, rather than a pure Hartle-Hawking state. Our results are consistent with the semiclassical double-trumpet amplitude, and with recent work on complex geometries containing bra-ket wormholes. We also analyse semiclassical wave functions for metric, dilaton, and an additional inflaton field. The probability distribution for the size of the universe is flat.
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Buchmüller et al. (2026) studied this question.
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