Learning aligned EEG representations with subject-specific encoders

Cross-subject EEG decoding promises more training data, but it also exposes neural networks to strong inter-subject distribution shifts. We study whether task supervision and architecture alone can learn subject-aligned representations. We replace a shared EEG encoder with subject-specific encoders followed by a common classifier, and compare this hybrid model with standard EEGNet, AttentionBaseNet, and CTNet baselines with Euclidean Alignment (EA) on three motor-imagery datasets and one motor-execution dataset. EA improves shared encoders by recentering subject covariances, whereas the hybrid encoder reduces reliance on EA: removing EA has little effect on validation-loss dynamics or latent-space organization, and both hybrid variants consistently outperform non-aligned shared baselines. Subject-specific heads increase class distinctiveness and place each subject close to its own latent manifold while improving within-subject class separation. However, on cross-subject classification, subject-specific heads hinder direct parameter transfer to unseen subjects, motivating quantitative head selection and a brief calibration session. Although decoding gains depend on the dataset and backbone, our main findings concern the solely use of architecture pressure promotes representation learning and alignment in a direction complementary to domain adaptation methods such as Euclidean Alignment. A per-subject low-rank adapter of only $$2\,C\,r$$ parameters recovers the full encoder’s accuracy across five backbones and ranks $$r=1$$ to 16, so the per-subject module can be compressed by two to three orders of magnitude.