Trans-Vitisin B Targets Neuroinflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Tau Pathology to Improve Behavioral Outcomes in a Mouse Model of Parkinson’s Disease

Current Parkinson’s disease (PD) therapies like Levodopa (L-DOPA) only provide symptomatic relief, highlighting the need for multi-target neuroprotective agents. This study investigates the mechanisms and preclinical effects of trans-vitisin B (tVB), an oligomeric stilbene, in PD models. In LPS-stimulated HMC3 and RAW 264.7 cells, tVB (0.1–10.0 µM) significantly suppressed reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α), while restoring HSP70 chaperone levels to normalize proteostasis. These findings were validated in vivo using C57BL/6 mice with rotenone-induced chronic PD. Administration of tVB attenuated motor deficits (Cylinder test) and reduced pathological freezing (Open Field) and working memory impairments (Y-maze) in this model, without inducing the dyskinesia-like side effects of L-DOPA treatment in rodents. Histologically, tVB mitigated the loss of dopaminergic neurons (TH+) in the substantia nigra, reduced microglial activation (IBA-1+) and neuronal NO synthase, and suppressed pathological phosphorylated Tau protein (p-TauSer202) accumulation. Unlike L-DOPA’s direct dopaminergic stimulation, tVB’s neuroprotective efficacy is mediated through multilevel regulation of key PD pathogenetic pathways, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and impaired proteostasis.