Epidemiological Assessment of Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections in Domestic Animals in Sokoto State, Nigeria: A Retrospective Study (2015–2025)

Background: Gastrointestinal parasitic (GP) infections are major constraints to livestock productivity in developing regions, particularly in Nigeria, where surveillance is limited. This study assessed the prevalence, temporal trends, and risk factors of gastrointestinal parasites in domestic animals in Sokoto State using a retrospective dataset (2015–2025).Methods: Retrospective laboratory records (n = 855) from Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto (VTHUDUS) and Department of Veterinary Parasitology and Entomology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, Sokoto were analyzed using Excel and R. Descriptive statistics, chi-square/Fisher’s exact tests, and multivariable logistic regression were applied to identify risk factors. Temporal trends were evaluated using generalized linear models (GLM) and generalized additive models (GAM), while a Species × Season interaction model assessed effect modification. Significance was set at p < 0.05.Results: Overall parasite positivity was 65.0% (556/855). Infection was higher in females (69.5%) than males (60.3%) and highest in sheep (73.6%) and goats (72.9%). strongylids (32.4%) and Eimeria (34.0%) were most prevalent. Single infections dominated (52.8%). Species was the only significant predictor in multivariable analysis, with canines showing reduced odds (AOR=0.20, p < 0.001). Temporal trends showed no significant linear or nonlinear change (GLM and GAM p > 0.05). Season, age, sex, and Species × Season interaction were not significant.Conclusion: This study demonstrates a high burden of GP infections in domestic animals in Sokoto State, with marked species-associated differences but limited influence of temporal and environmental factors. The findings highlight the importance of targeted control strategies focusing on high-risk species, particularly small ruminants. Strengthened surveillance and integrated parasite management within a One Health framework are essential to reduce transmission and improve livestock productivity in the region over time overall.