Evaluating research extension and farmer linkages in Ethiopia agricultural innovation system

Agricultural transformation is often hindered by weak linkages among agents within the Agricultural Innovation System (AIS), limiting progress toward effective collaboration. This study examines the strength, effectiveness, and constraints of linkages among researchers, extension workers, and farmers in South Wollo Zone, Ethiopia. A Mixed-methods approach was employed, combining quantitative data from 371 farm households, 36 extension workers, and 20 researchers with qualitative insights from focus group discussions and key informant interviews. The results reveal significant disparities in perceived linkage strength, particularly between researchers and extension workers and between researchers and farmers. While extension worker–farmer linkages were moderately strong, direct researcher–farmer interactions remained weak. Training programs, on-farm trials, and demonstrations were viewed as effective by researchers and extension workers but were perceived by farmers as limited in accessibility and relevance. Digital platforms showed low usability among farmers. The constraints include limited resources, weak institutional coordination, inadequate feedback mechanisms, minimal farmer involvement in setting research priorities, and infrastructural challenges. Strengthening AIS linkages through enhanced collaboration, inclusive participation, and targeted extension services is essential for improving technology adoption and rural livelihoods.