Risk Indicators for Root Surface Caries Among Indian Adults Aged 65–74 Years

BACKGROUND: Root surface caries is an increasingly important public health concern as populations age and retain more natural teeth. Exposed root surfaces, periodontal attachment loss and social and behavioural factors interact to shape disease patterns. This study investigated root surface caries experience and its associated indicators among community-dwelling adults aged 65-74 years in Ghaziabad District, Uttar Pradesh. METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 820 dentate participants selected using proportionate stratified random sampling. Data were collected using a pretested structured questionnaire and standardized clinical examinations following World Health Organization criteria. Root surface caries experience was quantified using the Root Caries Index (RCI). Sociodemographic characteristics, oral hygiene practices, tobacco use, and periodontal indicators were recorded. Associations were investigated using descriptive analyses and multivariable logistic regression. FINDINGS: Root surface caries was identified in 37.7% of participants. Prevalence was higher among males and among those aged 70-74 years. The prevalence of root surface caries was higher among participants with gingival recession, fewer remaining teeth, tobacco use, and lower socioeconomic position. In multivariable analysis, gingival recession and selected behavioural factors remained independently associated with root surface caries. CONCLUSIONS: A substantial burden of root surface caries was observed among older adults in this North Indian community. The findings highlight the close relationship between periodontal status, behavioural factors, and root surface caries, underscoring the need for integrated preventive and periodontal care strategies for ageing populations.