Rotavirus Double Infection Model to Study Preventive Dietary Interventions

Figures

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  Figure 1. Experimental Design. Rotavirus inoculation days are marked in blue: SA11 inoculation was performed on day 7 and EDIM inoculation on days 16, 17 or 18. Weaning day is highlighted in a purple square (days 16, 17 or 21). These variables define the three experimental designs: normal weaning (NoW), same day weaning (SDW) and day before weaning (DBW). In addition, an anti-rotavirus hyperimmune bovine colostrum (HBC) was used as preventive agent in the SDW group.

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  Figure 2. Evaluation of the incidence (2a–2c) and severity of diarrhea (2d–2f) of the DRI groups of the different experimental designs. Incidence is expressed as % of diarrheic animals (%DA) and severity as mean ± SEM of the diarrhea index (DI) (n = 6–12 animals/group). Arrows in each graph indicate the rotavirus inoculation day, first with SA11 and second with EDIM. Vertical dotted lines indicate the weaning day in each of the experimental designs. Horizontal dotted lines indicate the ID = 2, where higher values are indicative of diarrhea and lower values are indicative of no diarrhea.

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  Figure 3. Evaluation of the incidence (3a) and severity of diarrhea (3b) of DRI animals (black circles) and DRI animals that received an “anti-rotavirus hyperimmune bovine colostrum” (HBC) supplement (white circles). Incidence is expressed as % of diarrheic animals (%DA) and severity as mean ± SEM of the diarrhea index (DI) (n = 9 animals/group). Arrows in each graph indicate the rotavirus inoculation day, first with SA11 and second with EDIM.

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  Figure 4. Specific anti-rotavirus total antibodies (Ab) in serum from 28-day-old rats from the different experimental designs (ED). Results are expressed as mean ± SEM (n = 6–12 animals/group) in AU/mL. Arrows indicate the percentage of reduction. Statistical differences: * p < 0.05 vs. REF group; α p < 0.05 vs. SA11 group; β p < 0.05 vs. EDIM group.

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  Figure 5. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) response in some of the experimental designs (ED) in 28-day-old animals. Results are expressed as mean ± SEM of the 24 h-increase of thickness of the rotavirus-injected ear subtracting the increase of thickness of the PBS-injected ear (n = 6–12 animals/group). Statistical differences: * p < 0.05 vs. REF group; α p < 0.05 vs. SA11 group; β p < 0.05 vs. EDIM group.