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A self-calibrated and extinction-ratio (ER)-independent electrical method based on frequency-shifted heterodyne is proposed for full microwave characterization of high-speed electrooptic Mach-Zehnder modulators (MZMs) with finite or infinite ER. The method eliminates the need for correcting the roll-off responsivity in the photodetection and reduces half bandwidth requirements for the photodetector and electrical spectrum analyzer. Modulation depths, half-wave voltages, chirp parameters, and asymmetric factor are experimentally measured for an MZM, which agree well with the results obtained by the optical spectrum analysis method.
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Wang et al. (2017) studied this question.
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