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Rate-limiting: The transmetalation step of the Sonogashira coupling reaction has been established as the rate-limiting step. This cross-coupling has been demonstrated to be a Pd-catalyzed and Cu-catalyzed synergistic process, which exhibits a first-order kinetic dependence on both the [Pd] and [Cu] catalysts (see scheme).
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He et al. (2012) studied this question.
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