Key result
Reversible watermarking methods, including PEE, RCM, ITB, and compression-based techniques, were adapted and compared for ECG signal protection to preserve diagnostic precision.
Why the study?
In telemedicine systems, ECG data transfer may suffer from security risks, requiring reversible watermarking to protect security while preserving original precision for correct diagnostics.
The study provides a comparison of four reversible watermarking methods for ECG signals to aid in method selection for secure telemedicine data transfer.
Answers are grounded in this paper and cite their sources.
May inform reversible watermarking selection for ECG telemedicine; leaves open clinical validation of capacity and fidelity.
The electrocardiogram (ECG) is one of the widespread diagnostic methods used in telemedicine. However, in the telemedicine systems, the data transfer process to the end user may suffer from security risks. Reversible watermarking can preserve the security of electrocardiograms and keep their original precision for correct diagnostics. In this paper, we present an extensive investigation of four reversible watermarking methods: prediction error expansion (PEE), reversible contrast mapping difference expansion (RCM), integer transform-based difference expansion (ITB), and compression-based watermarking. We discover new facets of the existing ECG watermarking methods (PEE and compression-based watermarking) and adapt image watermarking methods (RCM and ITB) to ECG signal. We compare different kinds of prediction and compression methods used in the studied methods and provide a watermark capacity comparison for different methods' implementations. The research results will help in watermarking method selection in practice.
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Andreyev et al. (2025) studied Electrocardiogram protection in telemedicine. Reversible watermarking methods (PEE, RCM, ITB, and compression-based) was evaluated on Watermark capacity and prediction/compression method performance. Reversible watermarking methods, including PEE, RCM, ITB, and compression-based techniques, were adapted and compared for ECG signal protection to preserve diagnostic precision.
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