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The morphine alkaloids constitute a class of structurally related natural products isolated from opium poppy, Papaver somniferum.The synthesis of morphine and its derivatives has attracted the attention of many generations of synthetic chemists due to their highly challenging molecular architecture and biological activities.Progresses toward the synthesis of the morphine alkaloids are reviewed in terms of chronological order.Keywords morphine; morphine alkaloids; synthesis 吗啡 1 (Morphine)是从鸦片中分离得到的生物碱, 其重量约占鸦片重量的 14%~17% [1] , 是人们熟知的一 种麻醉剂及镇痛药物, 但具有成瘾性.其他天然的吗啡 类生物碱还包括可待因 2 (Codeine)、 蒂巴因 3 (Thebaine) 和可待因酮 4 (Codeinone)等(图 1).吗啡及其类似物独 特的结构和生物活性引起了合成化学家高度的兴趣. 天 然的(-)-morphine 是具有 ABCDE 五个环稠合而成的复 杂立体结构分子, 其含有一个五元二氢呋喃环、一个含 氮的桥环、五个连续的手性中心, 其中一个是苄位的季 碳中心.吗啡被认为是合成化学家们心目中极具重要意 义的合成目标.距盖茨第一次合成吗啡到今天的 60 多 年里, 至少有 30 个研究组致力于吗啡及其类似物的全 合成研究工作, 吗啡全合成的相关报道已有近 50 余篇, 关于吗啡合成的综述也有近 8 篇 [2~9] .本文按合成的时 间顺序分类综述了吗啡类生物碱的全合成研究进展. 图 1 天然的吗啡类生物碱 Figure 1 Natural opium alkaloids
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Li et al. (2017) studied this question.
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