Remembered and Forgotten Gods

The literature on transnationalism has largely tended to focus on first or second-generation migrants. Unlike the literature on plantation studies, this has resulted in a relative blindness to historical inequalities, particularly how these past inequalities going back more than 60 or 70 years or multiple generations, may affect the present in a transnational context. This article examines the growing phenomenon of interest in the transnational and local worship of ancestral tutelary deities (kula devam) among Malaysian Hindus. In doing so, it will specifically look at the role of caste identity in the emergence of transnational ritual and kinship networks. The paper argues that the performance of ritual worship of ancestral deities among Malaysian Hindus – part of a religious response to specific socio-economic changes that have occurred within the pressures of a capitalist, Islamised modernity – has been shaped by entrenched caste and class divisions in contrasting ways. The inequalities at the time of colonial labour migration and the differences between the landed mid-level (non-Brahmin) castes and the landless Adi Dravida "untouchables" or Dalits, seep into the present in the form of revitalisation of ritual-kinship links to Tamil Nadu among the former – a contemporary social sign of their "privileged lineage". At the same time, the lack of economic progress and social ills suffered by the dispossessed in Malaysia, are seen by many Dalit interlocutors as a consequence of ignoring the requisite ritual worship of their kula devam in now often forgotten villages of ancestral origin.