The cleaning efficiency of hand and sonic instrumentation with MM Sonic 3000 in 60 single‐rooted human straight teeth was evaluated using light and scanning electron microscopy. The root canals were instrumented with K‐type files and Shaper Sonic files, respectively, and manually irrigated with 1 % sodium hypochlorite. The results showed no statistically significant difference between hand and sonic instrumentation. In both groups a smear layer, untouched predentin and pulp tissue debris were generally observed.
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Goldberg et al. (1988) studied this question.
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